Sample: Bones 1 (Second Timers)
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Question 1 of 51
1. Question
DNA’s minimalism refers to the fact that DNA engineers the bone structures of animals and humans so they are the minimal size and minimal amount needed for that creature. The fact that birds like a hummingbird can fly, or a dolphin jump can jump 22 feet, or an Olympian perform gymnastics without breaking their bones shows that DNA engineered bones are engineered correctly for each stage of life for living things. (This is tricky. You have to deduce things and look carefully at every detail. It will be this way in many of the questions all through these gold digs.)
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Question 2 of 51
2. Question
To send one pound of supplies to the orbiting ISS costs about:
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Question 3 of 51
3. Question
Algorithms code for increasing size of every bone as the animal or person grows. The DNA also provides for increasing sizes of different areas of each bone as more stresses are encountered!CorrectIncorrectHint
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Question 4 of 51
4. Question
The vertebrae bones of your spine has a curve in it that reduces stress on it when you walk, run or jump. It acts a little like a spring. Some of these 33 vertebrae in your spine are called lumbar vertebrae. The thick lumbar vertebrae are critical for your neck’s support when you jump!
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Question 5 of 51
5. Question
You can see clumps of DNA with a light microscope but you cannot see the individual rungs of DNA. One of the things this DNA engineers is the hole in the center of each vertebra called a vertebral foramen, (Think!)
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Question 6 of 51
6. Question
How many nerves are in your spiral cord? (These nerves are protected inside the bone of the vertebrae because they run through the bone through a hole which is one example of a foramen.)
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Question 7 of 51
7. Question
The body of the vertebrae is the round, solid part of the vertebrae. These “bodies” provides a cushion for each vertebrae disc as well as give extra strength for your backbone. (See pictures below of the vertebrae discs if you cannot figure this out).
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Question 8 of 51
8. Question
What animal has a skull that looks like the skull below?
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Question 9 of 51
9. Question
The pores in the skull below make it lighter so the animal doesn’t have such a heavy skull. These are called sinus processes.
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Question 10 of 51
10. Question
The skeleton below with the large keel in the sternum area of the chest is from:
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Question 11 of 51
11. Question
These wide, flat “boxes” are solar panels for the Apollo Moon Lander.
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Question 12 of 51
12. Question
One of the blue-throated hummingbird’s migrations includes an astonishing 500-mile trek across the Gulf of Mexico. Its bones and the fat on its body are precisely weighed to the hundredth of a gram.
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Question 13 of 51
13. Question
A real problem with being in Space for any extended period of time is that your bones begin to diminish in width and mass because of the lack of stress on them. Because of this, astronauts visiting the ISS exercise almost every day. (Different bears don’t have this problem. They can hibernate for 5 months at a time and not lose any bone density at all. )
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Question 14 of 51
14. Question
We have 7 neck vertebrae. Giraffes have long necks but surprisingly only have twice as many thoracic vertebrae as we do.
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Question 15 of 51
15. Question
These bones with spinous processes on the back side are the cervical vertebrae of the neck. (You cannot see the spinous processes in this illustration.)
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Question 16 of 51
16. Question
The round “body” of each cervical vertebrae in your neck faces inward toward your chest. The round “body” of vertebrae is on the opposite side of the vertebrae as the “body” is. (Look further down the page if you need help on this.)
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Question 17 of 51
17. Question
How many bones are in an adult person’s body?
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Question 18 of 51
18. Question
The bony part of the vertebrae which stick out toward the back are called spinous processes.
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Question 19 of 51
19. Question
These woven white bands are called discs. They cushion the pounding of each vertebrae against its neighbors.
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Question 20 of 51
20. Question
Your backbone, your spine, has 25 discs.
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Question 21 of 51
21. Question
The Nucleus Pulposus (below) is filled with different types of protein. Some are the highly negatively charged proteins, aggrecan. This helps the Nucleus Pulposus’ “bag” to swell with water like an airbag in a car fills with air. This helps the discs to cushion the shock of day-by-day pounding of your vertebrae on each other.
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Question 22 of 51
22. Question
Individual vertebrae curve inward on the sides to give them extra strength. The “curved wall” increases their resistance to being compressed and broken as you jump and land. The side of the “body” is like a sideways arch!
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Question 23 of 51
23. Question
Back injuries are caused because the human backbone is poorly designed.
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Question 24 of 51
24. Question
You can re-injure your back as you sleep because your brain often flips you over as you sleep if you sleep on your side. This is because you cut off full circulation on the side you are laying on.
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Question 25 of 51
25. Question
Exercising daily helps you feel better because it releases endorphins, brings clear thinking, far better health, and pleasant fitness.
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Question 26 of 51
26. Question
What is this?
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Question 27 of 51
27. Question
The hole in each of these vertebrae is for the blood supply going to the whale’s head.
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Question 28 of 51
28. Question
A whale’s spinal cord may have as many as 100 billion nerves.
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Question 29 of 51
29. Question
The whale’s ribs are called floating ribs because they do not connect to a bone on the underside.
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Question 30 of 51
30. Question
The pink parts of this diagram are cartilage that connect the ribs to the clavicle.
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Question 31 of 51
31. Question
We have 4 floating ribs.
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Question 32 of 51
32. Question
This (below) is the carpiece of the turtle.
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Question 33 of 51
33. Question
The spinal cord of the turtle is fused to its carapace just as ours is.
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Question 34 of 51
34. Question
Owl eyes are so big that they can’t move in their skull! This is why their vertebrae are engineered for a 250º turn of the neck! They can’t turn their eyes, but they can really turn their heads!
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Question 35 of 51
35. Question
Look carefully at the eye bones of the creature above. Each one is made of several bones that have grown together.
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Question 36 of 51
36. Question
Eye bones are called orbital bones.
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Question 37 of 51
37. Question
Owls can turn their necks a whopping 7/8ths of the way around.
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Question 38 of 51
38. Question
The nerves to the brain of people go from the neck on the outside of the skull. They then tunnel into the skull in the top of the brain area.
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Question 39 of 51
39. Question
Owls have a way of pooling their blood that is going to their brain. They also have extra-wide bone-holes that the blood vessels going to their skull go through. Both of these “devices” make it so an owl doesn’t kill itself when it turns its head around.
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Question 40 of 51
40. Question
In humans, the vertebral artery really hugs the hollow cavities in the neck. But this is not the case in owls.
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Question 41 of 51
41. Question
We have two general types of bones: compact bone (cortical bone) and trabecular bone (springy bone). The bone below is compact bone. (Read further on if you have trouble with this question.)
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Question 42 of 51
42. Question
Blood is made in the spaces between the trabecular bone network.
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Question 43 of 51
43. Question
This is the feemore bone of a sauropod. (Do you think that the bone in this picture is real? Why or why not?)
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Question 44 of 51
44. Question
Fingernails and hair are completely dead. There is nothing at all living in them. Bone is different. Much of it is lifeless proteins and minerals, but tucked inside the protein and mineral matrix are living cells.
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Question 45 of 51
45. Question
The head of the femur bone of the leg is trabecular bone. The head of the femur bone goes into the pelvis hip ball socket at 90º.
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Question 46 of 51
46. Question
You make a whopping 500 billion red blood cells (RBC) a day in your bone marrow! It’d take you 17,000 years for you to count the RBC’s your body makes in ONE day!
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Question 47 of 51
47. Question
The bones around the human ear are cortical compact bone.
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Question 48 of 51
48. Question
The cochlea of the ear is shaped like 3 bent tubes in the shape of upside-down U’s. This cochlea of the ear is enclosed in a bone cavern.
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Question 49 of 51
49. Question
The orbital bone around the eye has some compact bone on its edges.
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Question 50 of 51
50. Question
The orbital bone of the human eye fits around the eye very tightly.
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Question 51 of 51
51. Question
List 5 summaries of the devotional parts in this article and give a different personal application to each.
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