Heat: v3

ICE SECRETS: When an ice skater skates, the friction of the skate on the ice
liquifies the surface of the ice. The ice skater is actually sliding on a little slosh of
water on the top of the ice that was melted from the surface ice into water. Just
like rubbing your hands together makes them warmer, the friction of the skate as it
travels over the ice creates heat and liquifies a tiny part of the surface of the ice.

SUBMARINES AND THE POLES: When a nuclear submarine travels to the
North Pole, it can go under it. The North Pole is a massive floating ice-island
1500-2000 feet thick.

SUBMARINES AND THE POLES: On Aug 3, 2008, the US nuclear
submarine, the Nautilus, accomplished the first undersea voyage to the
geographic North Pole.

SUBMARINES AND THE POLES: If you tried to go under Antarctica with a
sub, there would be big collision because Antarctica is a continent of land. Much
of Antarctica towers an astonishing 9800 feet above sea level. it has a five-mile
thick ice sheet covering 50% of the surface of the continent.

ANTARCTICA: The Arctic region (the North Pole area) consists of ice sheets
surrounding the North Pole, as well as parts of Greenland, Sweden, Norway,
Alaska and Hawaii.

ANTARCTICA: Antarctica, which lies on the region of the South Pole is the
coldest landmass on earth. Temperatures sometimes plummet to -128F, 19o
colder than the temperature of dry ice!

ANTARCTICA: Despite the freezing temperatures in Antarctica, it’s the world’s
hot spot home for penguins. The emperor, adelie, rockhopper, king, chinstrap and
gentoo penguins are all part of the penguin population.

ANTARCTICA: It’s so hostile in Antarctica that even the most determined
explorers like James Cook in 1773, were turned back. Over 100 years later,
three teams took on the challenge of Antarctica. Amundsen’s Norwegian team
made it to the geographic South Pole in the heart of Antarctica in 1911 and returned home safely.
Those in the Scott Expedition died returning from the frigid place the same year.
Shackleton’s group had a wild journey there also!

ANTARCTICA: Shackleton’s team of 56 was given the green light by Benjamin
Franklin to proceed in their journey across the continent of Antarctica in 1914 at
the beginning of WWI. Shackleton’s ingenuity brought them safely back in one of
the the worst journeys in history after their ship, the Endurance, was crushed by
the ice.

ICEBERGS: Have you ever seen brilliant blue icebergs? These are older
icebergs that have had the air bubbles compressed out of them. Without the
reflective air bubbles, red sunlight is absorbed into the ice and a beautiful blue
is reflected.